Proto-Indo-European reduplicated presents, being an ancient class of Proto-Indo-European verbs, probably existed as there a variety of such forms in the daughter languages. There is evidence to support the reconstruction of separate classes of...
Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Their grammatical forms and meanings have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article discusses nouns and...
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method....
Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect, using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number...
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Germanic languages. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law (also known as the First...
The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been reconstructed by linguists, based on the similarities and differences among current and extinct Indo-European languages. Because PIE was not written, linguists must rely on the...
In Proto-Indo-European language, there are several distinct types of reconstructable aorist verb formations. Of these, the athematic root aorist—which demonstrated the full-grade in the singular and the zero-grade in the plural—was seemingly the...
There were several distinct types of Proto-Indo-European desiderative formations. Many daughter languages, such as Ancient Greek or Latin, converted the original desideratives into future formations. However, the original desiderative meaning is...
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th century...
Historical linguistics has made tentative postulations about and multiple varyingly different reconstructions of Proto-Germanic grammar, as inherited from Proto-Indo-European grammar. All reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).